Peptide Fundamentals
Multiple Barriers and Breakthrough Strategies for Oral Delivery of Protein and Peptide Drugs
In the field of biopharmaceuticals, protein and peptide drugs (PPs) hold a pivotal position in treating various diseases such as diabetes and osteoporosis, owing to their well-defined mechanisms of action, high selectivity, and low side effects. However, the traditional parenteral injection route not only causes pain and inconvenience to patients but may also lead to adverse reactions like subcutaneous nodules and infections, significantly impacting medication adherence. The oral route, as the most convenient and patient-preferred non-invasive administration method, can mimic the natural secretion process of proteins to potentially reduce side effects. Nevertheless, the complex physiological environment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract presents multiple formidable barriers, resulting in extremely low oral bioavailability for PPs, which constitutes a major challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. This article provides a systematic analysis centered on the core obstacles, breakthrough strategies, current clinical application status, existing challenges, and future directions for oral PPs delivery, offering a clear framework for research and development in this field.
From Discarded Rice Bran to Hypertension Treasure: The Active Secrets and Application Prospects of Rice Bran Peptides
“Antimicrobial peptides: structure, functions and translational applications”
Today, we are sharing a review article published in Nature Reviews Microbiology, co-authored by Nelson G. Oliveira Junior et al., which systematically summarizes the research progress on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), with a focus on their potential as novel therapeutics to address the global antibiotic resistance crisis. The article highlights that AMPs, owing to their structural diversity, multi-mechanistic actions, and eco-friendly properties (e.g., biodegradability), represent promising alternatives. However, clinical translation still faces challenges such as stability issues, reduced in vivo activity, toxicity, and bacterial resistance. The review comprehensively covers the widespread occurrence of AMPs, their structural classification, mechanisms of action, and bacterial resistance mechanisms. It further discusses optimization strategies through computational design and chemical modifications, and finally outlines translational prospects in human and animal health, emphasizing the role of emerging technologies like artificial intelligence in accelerating AMP discovery. The following analysis will delve into key aspects: structure, mechanisms, resistance, design strategies, and applications.
Cosmetic Active Peptide Raw Material Analysis Series (Part 1): Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4
This article series provides a systematic overview of commonly used peptide ingredients from both developmental and applied perspectives. For each peptide, we will examine the following key aspects:Chemical Profile & Structure, Mechanism of Action ,
Usage and Efficacy, Synthesis Route. Through this series, we aim to build a practical and authoritative knowledge base for cosmetic peptide ingredients, supporting more targeted and innovative formulation strategies.
Systematic Classification and Applied Research of Peptides
Given the vast differences in the types, numbers, sequences, and spatial configurations of amino acids constituting peptides, they exhibit an exceptionally rich variety of structures and properties. Systematic classification is essential for advancing peptide research and applications. This review summarizes common classification schemes and applications of peptides.
The Peptide Cleavage and Purification
The peptide cleavage process is a key technology in the field of biotechnology and biochemistry. It is mainly used to release the synthesized peptides from the solid phase synthesis carrier and perform subsequent purification treatment.